Android – Fragments

 

Android – Fragments

A Fragment is a piece of an activity which enable more modular activity design. It will not be wrong if we say, a fragment is a kind of sub-activity.

Following are important points about fragment −

• A fragment has its own layout and its own behaviour with its own life cycle callbacks.
• You can add or remove fragments in an activity while the activity is running.
• You can combine multiple fragments in a single activity to build a multi-pane UI.
• A fragment can be used in multiple activities.
• Fragment life cycle is closely related to the life cycle of its host activity which means when the activity is paused, all the fragments available in the activity will also be stopped.
• A fragment can implement a behaviour that has no user interface component.
• Fragments were added to the Android API in Honeycomb version of Android which API version 11.

You create fragments by extending Fragment class and You can insert a fragment into your activity layout by declaring the fragment in the activity’s layout file, as a <fragment> element.

Prior to fragment introduction, we had a limitation because we can show only a single activity on the screen at one given point in time. So we were not able to divide device screen and control different parts separately. But with the introduction of fragment we got more flexibility and removed the limitation of having a single activity on the screen at a time. Now we can have a single activity but each activity can comprise of multiple fragments which will have their own layout, events and complete life cycle.

Following is a typical example of how two UI modules defined by fragments can be combined into one activity for a tablet design, but separated for a handset design.

The application can embed two fragments in Activity A, when running on a tablet-sized device. However, on a handset-sized screen, there’s not enough room for both fragments, so Activity A includes only the fragment for the list of articles, and when the user selects an article, it starts Activity B, which includes the second fragment to read the article.

Fragment Life Cycle

Android fragments have their own life cycle very similar to an android activity. This section briefs different stages of its life cycle.

Fragment lifecycle

Here is the list of methods which you can to override in your fragment class −

• onAttach()The fragment instance is associated with an activity instance.The fragment and the activity is not fully initialized. Typically you get in this method a reference to the activity which uses the fragment for further initialization work.
• onCreate() The system calls this method when creating the fragment. You should initialize essential components of the fragment that you want to retain when the fragment is paused or stopped, then resumed.
• onCreateView() The system calls this callback when it’s time for the fragment to draw its user interface for the first time. To draw a UI for your fragment, you must return a View component from this method that is the root of your fragment’s layout. You can return null if the fragment does not provide a UI.
• onActivityCreated()The onActivityCreated() is called after the onCreateView() method when the host activity is created. Activity and fragment instance have been created as well as the view hierarchy of the activity. At this point, view can be accessed with the findViewById() method. example. In this method you can instantiate objects which require a Context object
• onStart()The onStart() method is called once the fragment gets visible.
• onResume()Fragment becomes active.
• onPause() The system calls this method as the first indication that the user is leaving the fragment. This is usually where you should commit any changes that should be persisted beyond the current user session.
• onStop()Fragment going to be stopped by calling onStop()
• onDestroyView()Fragment view will destroy after call this method
• onDestroy()onDestroy() called to do final clean up of the fragment’s state but Not guaranteed to be called by the Android platform.

How to use Fragments?

This involves number of simple steps to create Fragments.

• First of all decide how many fragments you want to use in an activity. For example let’s we want to use two fragments to handle landscape and portrait modes of the device.
• Next based on number of fragments, create classes which will extend the Fragment class. The Fragment class has above mentioned callback functions. You can override any of the functions based on your requirements.
• Corresponding to each fragment, you will need to create layout files in XML file. These files will have layout for the defined fragments.
• Finally modify activity file to define the actual logic of replacing fragments based on your requirement.

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Android – Content Providers

 

Android – Content Providers

A content provider component supplies data from one application to others on request. Such requests are handled by the methods of the ContentResolver class. A content provider can use different ways to store its data and the data can be stored in a database, in files, or even over a network.

ContentProvider

sometimes it is required to share data across applications. This is where content providers become very useful.

Content providers let you centralize content in one place and have many different applications access it as needed. A content provider behaves very much like a database where you can query it, edit its content, as well as add or delete content using insert(), update(), delete(), and query() methods. In most cases this data is stored in an SQlite database.

A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider class and must implement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions.

public class My Application extends  ContentProvider {
}

Content URIs

To query a content provider, you specify the query string in the form of a URI which has following format −

<prefix>://<authority>/<data_type>/<id>

Here is the detail of various parts of the URI −

Sr.No	Part & Description
1	prefix This is always set to content://
2	authority This specifies the name of the content provider, for example contacts, browser etc. For third-party content providers, this could be the fully qualified name, such as com.tutorialspoint.statusprovider
3	data_type This indicates the type of data that this particular provider provides. For example, if you are getting all the contacts from the Contacts content provider, then the data path would be people and URI would look like thiscontent://contacts/people
4	id This specifies the specific record requested. For example, if you are looking for contact number 5 in the Contacts content provider then URI would look like this content://contacts/people/5.

Create Content Provider

This involves number of simple steps to create your own content provider.

• First of all you need to create a Content Provider class that extends the ContentProviderbaseclass.
• Second, you need to define your content provider URI address which will be used to access the content.
• Next you will need to create your own database to keep the content. Usually, Android uses SQLite database and framework needs to override onCreate() method which will use SQLite Open Helper method to create or open the provider’s database. When your application is launched, the onCreate() handler of each of its Content Providers is called on the main application thread.
• Next you will have to implement Content Provider queries to perform different database specific operations.
• Finally register your Content Provider in your activity file using <provider> tag.

Here is the list of methods which you need to override in Content Provider class to have your Content Provider working −

ContentProvider

• onCreate() This method is called when the provider is started.
• query() This method receives a request from a client. The result is returned as a Cursor object.
• insert()This method inserts a new record into the content provider.
• delete() This method deletes an existing record from the content provider.
• update() This method updates an existing record from the content provider.
• getType() This method returns the MIME type of the data at the given URI.

Example

This example will explain you how to create your own ContentProvider. So let’s follow the following steps to similar to what we followed while creating Hello World Example−

Step	Description
1	You will use Android StudioIDE to create an Android application and name it as My Application under a package com.example.MyApplication, with blank Activity.
2	Modify main activity file MainActivity.java to add two new methods onClickAddName() and onClickRetrieveStudents().
3	Create a new java file called StudentsProvider.java under the package com.example.MyApplication to define your actual provider and associated methods.
4	Register your content provider in your AndroidManifest.xml file using <provider…/> tag
5	Modify the default content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include a small GUI to add students records.
6	No need to change string.xml.Android studio take care of string.xml file.
7	Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the application.

Following is the content of the modified main activity file src/com.example.MyApplication/MainActivity.java. This file can include each of the fundamental life cycle methods. We have added two new methods onClickAddName() and onClickRetrieveStudents() to handle user interaction with the application.

package com.example.MyApplication;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;

import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.CursorLoader;

import android.database.Cursor;

import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;

import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

   @Override
   protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
      super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
      setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
   }
   public void onClickAddName(View view) {
      // Add a new student record
      ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
      values.put(StudentsProvider.NAME,
         ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText2)).getText().toString());

      values.put(StudentsProvider.GRADE,
         ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText3)).getText().toString());

      Uri uri = getContentResolver().insert(
         StudentsProvider.CONTENT_URI, values);

      Toast.makeText(getBaseContext(),
         uri.toString(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
   }
   public void onClickRetrieveStudents(View view) {
      // Retrieve student records
      String URL = "content://com.example.MyApplication.StudentsProvider";

      Uri students = Uri.parse(URL);
      Cursor c = managedQuery(students, null, null, null, "name");

      if (c.moveToFirst()) {
         do{
            Toast.makeText(this,
               c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(StudentsProvider._ID)) +
                  ", " +  c.getString(c.getColumnIndex( StudentsProvider.NAME)) +
                     ", " + c.getString(c.getColumnIndex( StudentsProvider.GRADE)),
            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
         } while (c.moveToNext());
      }
   }
}

Create new file StudentsProvider.java under com.example.MyApplication package and following is the content of src/com.example.MyApplication/StudentsProvider.java −

package com.example.MyApplication;

import java.util.HashMap;

import android.content.ContentProvider;
import android.content.ContentUris;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.UriMatcher;

import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.SQLException;

import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteQueryBuilder;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.text.TextUtils;

public class StudentsProvider extends ContentProvider {
   static final String PROVIDER_NAME = "com.example.MyApplication.StudentsProvider";
   static final String URL = "content://" + PROVIDER_NAME + "/students";
   static final Uri CONTENT_URI = Uri.parse(URL);

   static final String _ID = "_id";
   static final String NAME = "name";
   static final String GRADE = "grade";

   private static HashMap<String, String> STUDENTS_PROJECTION_MAP;

   static final int STUDENTS = 1;
   static final int STUDENT_ID = 2;

   static final UriMatcher uriMatcher;
   static{
      uriMatcher = new UriMatcher(UriMatcher.NO_MATCH);
      uriMatcher.addURI(PROVIDER_NAME, "students", STUDENTS);
      uriMatcher.addURI(PROVIDER_NAME, "students/#", STUDENT_ID);
   }

   /**
      * Database specific constant declarations
   */
   
   private SQLiteDatabase db;
   static final String DATABASE_NAME = "College";
   static final String STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME = "students";
   static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
   static final String CREATE_DB_TABLE =
      " CREATE TABLE " + STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME +
         " (_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " +
         " name TEXT NOT NULL, " +
         " grade TEXT NOT NULL);";

   /**
      * Helper class that actually creates and manages
      * the provider's underlying data repository.
   */
   
   private static class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
      DatabaseHelper(Context context){
         super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
      }

      @Override
      public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
         db.execSQL(CREATE_DB_TABLE);
      }

      @Override
      public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
         db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " +  STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME);
         onCreate(db);
      }
   }

   @Override
   public boolean onCreate() {
      Context context = getContext();
      DatabaseHelper dbHelper = new DatabaseHelper(context);

      /**
         * Create a write able database which will trigger its
         * creation if it doesn't already exist.
      */
         
      db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
      return (db == null)? false:true;
   }

   @Override
   public Uri insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values) {
      /**
         * Add a new student record
      */
      long rowID = db.insert(	STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, "", values);

      /**
         * If record is added successfully
      */
      if (rowID > 0) {
         Uri _uri = ContentUris.withAppendedId(CONTENT_URI, rowID);
         getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(_uri, null);
         return _uri;
      }
        
      throw new SQLException("Failed to add a record into " + uri);
   }

   @Override
   public Cursor query(Uri uri, String[] projection, 
      String selection,String[] selectionArgs, String sortOrder) {
      SQLiteQueryBuilder qb = new SQLiteQueryBuilder();
      qb.setTables(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME);

      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
         case STUDENTS:
            qb.setProjectionMap(STUDENTS_PROJECTION_MAP);
         break;

         case STUDENT_ID:
            qb.appendWhere( _ID + "=" + uri.getPathSegments().get(1));
         break;
         
         default:   
      }

      if (sortOrder == null || sortOrder == ""){
         /**
            * By default sort on student names
         */
         sortOrder = NAME;
      }
      
      Cursor c = qb.query(db,	projection,	selection, 
         selectionArgs,null, null, sortOrder);
      /**
         * register to watch a content URI for changes
      */
      c.setNotificationUri(getContext().getContentResolver(), uri);
      return c;
   }

   @Override
   public int delete(Uri uri, String selection, String[] selectionArgs) {
      int count = 0;
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
         case STUDENTS:
            count = db.delete(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, selection, selectionArgs);
         break;

         case STUDENT_ID:
            String id = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
            count = db.delete( STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, _ID +  " = " + id +
               (!TextUtils.isEmpty(selection) ? " 
               AND (" + selection + ')' : ""), selectionArgs);
            break;
         default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " + uri);
      }

      getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null);
      return count;
   }

   @Override
   public int update(Uri uri, ContentValues values, 
      String selection, String[] selectionArgs) {
      int count = 0;
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
         case STUDENTS:
            count = db.update(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, values, selection, selectionArgs);
         break;

         case STUDENT_ID:
            count = db.update(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, values, 
               _ID + " = " + uri.getPathSegments().get(1) +
               (!TextUtils.isEmpty(selection) ? " 
               AND (" +selection + ')' : ""), selectionArgs);
            break;
         default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " + uri );
      }
        
      getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null);
      return count;
   }

   @Override
   public String getType(Uri uri) {
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
         /**
            * Get all student records
         */
         case STUDENTS:
            return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.example.students";
         /**
            * Get a particular student
         */
         case STUDENT_ID:
            return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.example.students";
         default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported URI: " + uri);
      }
   }
}

Following will the modified content of AndroidManifest.xml file. Here we have added <provider…/> tag to include our content provider:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.MyApplication">

   <application
      android:allowBackup="true"
      android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
      android:label="@string/app_name"
      android:supportsRtl="true"
      android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
         <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
               <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
               <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
         </activity>
        
      <provider android:name="StudentsProvider"
         android:authorities="com.example.MyApplication.StudentsProvider"/>
   </application>
</manifest>

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file−

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
   xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
   android:layout_width="match_parent"
   android:layout_height="match_parent"
   android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
   android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
   android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
   android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
   tools:context="com.example.MyApplication.MainActivity">

   <TextView
      android:id="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:text="Content provider"
      android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
      android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
      android:textSize="30dp" />

   <TextView
      android:id="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:text="Tutorials point "
      android:textColor="#ff87ff09"
      android:textSize="30dp"
      android:layout_below="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />

   <ImageButton
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/imageButton"
      android:src="@drawable/abc"
      android:layout_below="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />

   <Button
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/button2"
      android:text="Add Name"
      android:layout_below="@+id/editText3"
      android:layout_alignRight="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_alignStart="@+id/textView2"
      android:onClick="onClickAddName"/>

   <EditText
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/editText"
      android:layout_below="@+id/imageButton"
      android:layout_alignRight="@+id/imageButton"
      android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/imageButton" />

   <EditText
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/editText2"
      android:layout_alignTop="@+id/editText"
      android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_alignStart="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_alignRight="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/textView1"
      android:hint="Name"
      android:textColorHint="@android:color/holo_blue_light" />

   <EditText
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/editText3"
      android:layout_below="@+id/editText"
      android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/editText2"
      android:layout_alignStart="@+id/editText2"
      android:layout_alignRight="@+id/editText2"
      android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/editText2"
      android:hint="Grade"
      android:textColorHint="@android:color/holo_blue_bright" />

   <Button
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:text="Retrive student"
      android:id="@+id/button"
      android:layout_below="@+id/button2"
      android:layout_alignRight="@+id/editText3"
      android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/editText3"
      android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/button2"
      android:layout_alignStart="@+id/button2"
      android:onClick="onClickRetrieveStudents"/>
</RelativeLayout>

Make sure you have following content of res/values/strings.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
    <string name="app_name">My Application</string>
</resources>;

Let’s try to run our modified My Application application we just created. I assume you had created your AVD while doing environment set-up. To run the app from Android Studio IDE, open one of your project’s activity files and click Run  icon from the tool bar. Android Studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your set-up and application, it will display following Emulator window, be patience because it may take sometime based on your computer speed −

Now let’s enter student Name and Grade and finally click on Add Name button, this will add student record in the database and will flash a message at the bottom showing ContentProvider URI along with record number added in the database. This operation makes use of our insert() method. Let’s repeat this process to add few more students in the database of our content provider.

Once you are done with adding records in the database, now its time to ask ContentProvider to give us those records back, so let’s click Retrieve Students button which will fetch and display all the records one by one which is as per our the implementation of our query() method.

You can write activities against update and delete operations by providing callback functions in MainActivity.java file and then modify user interface to have buttons for update and deleted operations in the same way as we have done for add and read operations.

This way you can use existing Content Provider like Address Book or you can use Content Provider concept in developing nice database oriented applications where you can perform all sort of database operations like read, write, update and delete as explained above in the example.

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